On May 17, 1954, the United States Supreme Court issued its unanimous decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, declaring that state laws establishing separate public schools for Black and white students violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The Court’s opinion, written by Chief Justice Earl Warren, rejected the “separate but equal” doctrine established in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) as it applied to public education, holding that separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. Background: Brown consolidated five separate cases from Kansas, South Carolina, Virginia, and Delaware brought on behalf of Black children denied admission to certain public schools. The plaintiffs argued that segregation deprived them of equal protection under the law. Legal teams included the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, with Thurgood Marshall among the lead attorneys; at the time he was Solicitor General later becoming a Supreme Court justice. Legal reasoning and holding: The Court examined the effects of segregation on public education and found that separation based on race generated a sense of inferiority that affected the educational and personal growth of Black children. While the decision did not extensively rework the Court’s equal-protection doctrine across all contexts, it explicitly overruled Plessy’s application to public schools and held that racial segregation in public education is unconstitutional. Immediate and practical effects: The Brown ruling was an essential legal and moral victory, providing a constitutional foundation for further civil rights litigation and activism. The decision, however, did not include a specific timetable for desegregation in its initial opinion. In 1955, the Court issued a follow-up decision commonly known as Brown II, ordering that desegregation proceed “with all deliberate speed,” a phrase that produced widely varying interpretations and, in many places, delayed meaningful integration for years. Resistance and implementation: Across the country—especially in Southern states—Brown met strong resistance. Some states enacted policies to obstruct desegregation, and local officials used tactics such as closing public schools, creating private segregated academies, or resisting court orders. Federal enforcement was uneven and often required additional Supreme Court rulings, federal legislation (notably the Civil Rights Act of 1964), and federal interventions—such as the use of the National Guard or U.S. Marshals—to enforce court-ordered integration in specific instances. Legacy: Brown v. Board of Education is widely regarded as a turning point in American legal and social history. It provided constitutional grounding for subsequent civil rights advances and galvanized the broader civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. The decision’s moral and symbolic significance endures, even as historians and scholars note that achieving fully integrated and equal schooling has been an ongoing and incomplete process, with de facto segregation and disparities in school funding and outcomes persisting in many regions. Accuracy note: This summary focuses on the Supreme Court’s 1954 decision and its immediate legal and social consequences. Details about local implementation and subsequent legal developments are complex and vary by locality; where facts are disputed or outcomes differ, historians and legal scholars provide nuanced accounts.